How Weather Affects Electric Vehicle Performance
Electric vehicles (EVs) are designed to operate optimally at moderate temperatures, similar to human comfort levels. However, when the mercury rises or falls significantly, these vehicles face challenges that can affect their efficiency and range.
According to the latest research conducted by AAA, which was exclusively shared with NPR, both extreme heat and cold can significantly impact EV performance. The study revealed that while hot temperatures can reduce the driving range by an average of 8.5%, cold weather poses a greater challenge, diminishing range by up to 39%.
Temperature Impact on EV Range
In previous tests conducted by AAA in 2019, similar results were observed, particularly in cold weather conditions. While advancements in EV technology have improved performance in hot weather, cold weather performance remains largely unchanged. Greg Brannon, AAA’s director of automotive engineering, noted that despite innovations in battery chemistries and software, winter range performance has not seen significant improvements since 2019.
Drivers should anticipate a reduction in their EV’s range during colder months and, to a lesser extent, during peak summer heat. Brannon advises that EVs remain a practical choice in various climates, provided drivers plan accordingly for these predictable range losses.
The Testing Process at AAA
AAA’s research is conducted at its Automotive Research Center in Los Angeles, where a specially designed facility allows for testing under controlled temperature conditions. The tests are conducted using a chassis dynamometer, which functions like a treadmill for cars, allowing researchers to simulate different driving conditions and measure battery performance accurately.
Richard Gonzalez, a test driver at the facility, performs these tests by simulating driving conditions while the vehicle remains stationary. This setup allows AAA to gather precise data on how EV batteries perform in various temperature settings.
Comparing EVs with Other Vehicles
It’s important to note that EVs are not alone in facing performance issues in extreme temperatures. Ed Kim, chief analyst with AutoPacific, points out that internal combustion engine vehicles also experience efficiency losses in cold weather, with the EPA estimating a 10% to 30% drop in gas vehicle fuel economy under similar conditions.
Global Perspectives on EV Adoption
Despite the challenges posed by cold weather, EV adoption is thriving in colder regions like Norway, where EVs comprised 98% of all car sales in March 2026. However, in the U.S., EV adoption is more prevalent in warmer states, partly due to concerns about winter range loss.
Maximizing Battery Efficiency
To mitigate the effects of temperature on EV range, drivers can take several proactive steps. Selecting a vehicle suited for local climate conditions, planning charging around temperature forecasts, and using pre-conditioning features can help extend range. Additionally, maintaining proper tire inflation and moderate driving speeds can enhance vehicle efficiency year-round.
Original Story at www.npr.org